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| A unique excerpt from the list of children from Janusz Korczak's Orphans' Home, handwritten from memory in Argentina by former ward Helenka Lewi (the original is preserved in the Ghetto Fighters' House Archives – GFH in Israel). In the right-hand column, under number 46, the entry clearly reads: Froim. This is Froim Baum (later known as Erwin), who was affectionately called "Little Icek" in the orphanage. He inherited this number, along with his informal third name, from his older brother Icek ("Big Icek"), who had left the institution before him. In this way, the Korczakian system of a fixed pool of numbers beautifully reflected family continuity and the bonds between siblings. This list also reveals the strict topographical layout of the Orphans' Home: the boys' list ends precisely at number 51 (Amsrelek), whereas the left column, belonging to the girls, continues up to number 56 (Frania). This directly corresponds to the fact that the girls' dormitory at 92 Krochmalna Street was larger and held more beds. We can also spot Jonas, mentioned in testimonies, under number 9 (written as Jonek at the top right) and Szmulek under number 39. For the Baum brothers, these warm, Korczakian numbers collided brutally with the harsh reality of the camps. In December 1942 at Auschwitz, Froim (Erwin) was stamped with number 79631, while his brother Icek received number 79630. The two brothers were the only ones from their large family to survive the Holocaust, remaining forever the guardians of the memory of the Old Doctor's "cheerful house." |
In contrast to the tragic camp numbers, which stripped people of their dignity, names, and humanity, turning them into a faceless mass, the numbering system in Janusz Korczak's Orphans' Home had the exact opposite purpose. There, a number served to build identity, create order, and protect the child's privacy and property within a large community of a hundred children. At 92 Krochmalna Street, a number did not mean subjugation—it meant agency and the right to one's own "self."
The pool of numbers was fixed and strictly tied to the building's topography: it started from 1 and usually ended at 56 for girls and 51 for boys. The highest numbers always belonged to the girls, as their bedroom in the Orphans' Home building was larger and could accommodate more beds. When a child crossed the threshold of the institution, they were assigned a mentor from among the older children and received this digital sign, which became the guardian of their personal world. Everything was marked with it: from clothes and shoes in the cloakroom, to a towel and toothbrush, down to a plate, a cup, and a private, untouchable locker.
In the Korczakian world, numbers also carried deep symbolic weight—often, they were kept "in the family." When an older child left the Orphans' Home, their younger siblings or cousins inherited the exact same number. Such was the case for Froim (Erwin) Baum, who held number 46 at Krochmalna. He inherited it from his older brother Icek ("Big Icek"), earning himself the nickname "Little Icek." This unique domestic heritage collided brutally with the German machinery of the Holocaust. In December 1942, at Auschwitz, both brothers received entirely different camp numbers stamped on their skin: Froim became number 79631, while his brother became 79630. A similar fate befell another ward, Szmulik Gogol (who likely held number 21, 39, or 43 in the Orphans' Home). He also endured the hell of Auschwitz, carrying with him the memory of Krochmalna.
The numbers were also an ingenious, purely logistical solution to prevent confusion. In the environment of pre-war Jewish Warsaw, many children shared the same popular names—by May 1942 at 16 Sienna Street, there were as many as four boys named Moniuś! When adding monikers like "Little" and "Big" David was no longer enough; the number provided absolute certainty. For this reason, in the registers of dormitory students, official logs, and private letters, the child's number was rigorously written in parentheses right after their name. A priceless and deeply moving proof of this practice is a list of children saved from memory, which I discovered in the archives of the Ghetto Fighters' House (GFH) in Israel. It was compiled after the war in Argentina by a former ward, Helenka Lewi. Helenka, who left Poland in the spring of 1939, corresponded with the children of the Orphans' Home even after their relocation to the ghetto. Her handwritten list, alongside love letters from Irka W., stands as tangible, direct evidence of how powerful this internal language of identity truly was. Thanks to the testimonies of Erwin Baum (No. 46), we know today, for instance, that number 9 belonged to Jonas—a brilliant, extraordinarily talented young violinist.
This system was such a natural element of daily life that it permeated the closest relationships of the adult creators of the home. This is beautifully evidenced by Janusz Korczak’s famous, intimate dedication in a book presented to his closest associate, Pani Stefa (Stefania Wilczyńska), on October 25, 1922, where the Old Doctor, signing as Henryk Goldszmit, wrote with his characteristic humor and humility:
"To Pani Stefa – boy no. 51 – no ringworm – lost his birth certificate in the Country of Bum-Drum – requests a duty of picking up scraps of paper – clean (God forbid). Permanent resident."