Pogrom Kielecki 77. rocznica.

 

Mosty: biuletyn źródłowych informacji z Palestyny i wszystkich ośrodków żydowskich wydawany przez Haszomer haCair opisywał wszystkie próby dostania sie do Erec Israel statkami Alija Beth.

Alija Bet (hebr. 'עלייה ב) – nielegalna imigracja Żydów do Erec Israel w okresie II wojny światowej i po wojnie Żydów ocalałych od Zagłady, m.in z obozów koncentracyjnych.

Droga z Europy to statkami przez Morze Sródziemne. Wydawana w Łodzi gazeta Mosty opisywała wszystkie próby Ocalałych dostania się do Ziemi Obiecanej, m.in statku ze Szwecji S/S Chaim Arlozorof (S/S Ulua).

Najbardziej znana jest historia statku Exodus 1947. W lipcu 1947 roku brytyjskie okręty wojenne zatrzymały u wybrzeży Palestyny ten statek z 4,5 tys. żydowskimi uchodźcami. Statek został zmuszony do zawrócenia do portu Marsylia we Francji. Następnie popłynął do Hamburga w Niemczech, gdzie policja siłą zmusiła Żydów do opuszczenia statku i umiesciła ich w barakach na terenie byłych obozów koncentracyjnych. Uwaga opinii publicznej świata była przez wiele miesiecy skupiona na dramacie tych Żydów.

Mosty: biuletyn źródłowych informacji z Palestyny i wszystkich ośrodków żydowskich. R. 2 (1947) nr 10 (42)
HaSzomer haCair.
[s. n.]
Łódź
1947
polski
czasopismo

Lokalizacja oryginału:
Biblioteka Narodowa

Biblioteka Sejmowa

Żydowski Instytut Historyczny

Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Warszawie

Numerous adoptable Jewish children, also infants, came with the UNRRA White Boat Mission to Malmö in July 1945. Most of them came from Bergen-Belsen.

Numerous adoptable Jewish children, also infants, came with the UNRRA White Boat Mission to Malmö in July 1945. Most of them came from Bergen-Belsen.

Dr. Robert (Bob) Collis with the Bergen-Belsen orphans (or UNRRA White Boat Orphans) as he arrives with five of them from Sweden - at Dublin Airport, in 1946. Jewish families were found for three children while Dr, Collis decided to adopt the siblings Zoltan and Edit.

Numerous single Jewish children, also infants, came with the UNRRA White Boat Mission to Malmö in July 1945. Most of them came from Bergen-Belsen. They were "adoptable". However, only one child was adopted in Scandinavia. Several to Ireland. The vast majority came in 1946-1948 to Eretz Israel - my heroes! No adoptions among Swedish Jews.

In photos is Dr. Robert (Bob) Collis with the Bergen-Belsen orphans (or UNRRA White Boat Orphans) as he arrives with five of them from Sweden - at Dublin Airport, in 1946. Jewish families were found for three children while Dr, Collis decided to adopt the siblings Zoltan and Edit.

Phases of the Holocaust. One can divide it into three or four phases: Ghettoisation - Holocaust by bullets - Industrial killing - Death Marches.

 

In October 1939, the Germans announced the creation of a ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski

In October 1939, the Germans announced the creation of a ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski

Phases of the Holocaust. One can divide it into three or four phases. 

The pre-phase started in 1933 and included propaganda and the propagation of anti-Jewish laws in Germany. It was the first step of isolation from the rest of the population. At the same time, Germany rebuilds its military which was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles.  Nazi government prepares the German public for war. 

The first phase begins with the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the start of World War II. Nazi violence expands in Poland where they start to establish ghettos. The first one, was in Piotrków Trybunalski, just weeks after the German army occupied the city. Thus, together with forced labor was the very first among the physical steps of the Holocaust, the concentration and imprisonment of millions of Polish Jews. 

The second phase starts in June 1941 when Germany invades the Soviet Union. It is actually the start of mass killing by Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) that murdered millions of Jews and other targeted groups in mass shootings. This phase is often called the Holocaust by bullets.

The third phase is Industrial killing. Following the decision from the Wansee meeting in January 1942 to annihilate all of the Jews in Europe. Thereafter, six industrial killing centers - Death camps are established. Millions of Jews and other targeted groups are murdered in gas chambers. 

The fourth phase is the Death Marches which starts in January 1945 and continue to the end of WWII in Europe, in May 1945. Relocation of the inmates from the concentration- and death camps started already in 1944 when the Red Army pushed the Germans west. The first death- and concentration camp was liberated on July 22, 1944. When the death- and concentration camps were closing,  Nazis forced the prisoners to march from Eastern Europe toward Germany. Hundreds of thousands died along the way.

Dark Lolek and Bright Olek - Janusz Korczak: A Fairy Tale of Life .

Janusz Korczak: A Fairy Tale of Life [excerpt]. Warsaw Spring 1942? 

Janusz Korczak: A Fairy Tale of Life [excerpt]. Warsaw Spring 1942? 

There are fairy tales that people tell, and there are fairy tales that life tells. Sometimes a fairy tale is strange but true. [...] 

Two widows lived in the same yard; each had one little son. One had light hair and dark eyes, and the other had light eyes and dark hair. One was called Olek, and the other Bolek. And when they called, they called: bright Bolek, dark Olek. Then they went to school together. And already everyone began to say and write in the newspapers that this one is a Jew and that one is an Aryan. But they didn't understand what it meant. But then the boys found out that they couldn't be friends because one's grandmother was Jewish and the other's grandmother was German. They understood that the two grandmothers who had already died had quarreled and did not want them to go to school together and play together. – One wrote in the diary: "I lost a friend", the other wrote in the diary: "I am sad." And then there was the war, and the boys were no longer small because they had grown up and graduated from school. They both went to the army. One thought he was Polish, but they told him to be Jewish. The others thought he was Polish, they told him to be German. They didn't know why it had to be like this, but they knew that their grandmothers weren't to blame, that they hadn't quarreled at all. There is something different, but what it really is, they still did not understand, although they were already in the war and were no longer children. 

I forgot to say that there was a shop in the house where they lived as little boys, and the owner of the shop had a girl who had light hair and blue eyes, or dark eyes and hair. I don't remember so I don't want to be wrong. It was a long time ago. Or maybe not so long ago, but more than ten years ago. The boys liked the girl very much, they knew that she was Jewish, but they didn't think about it. They didn't care at all. She was nice and cheerful and played with them, and her mother sold her sweets cheaply - she even sometimes gave them candy, a cherry, or a little gingerbread without money. They were told that they were no longer allowed to buy or play or take or give - nothing - nothing. Because the girl's father, mother, brother, and she - all were and are Jews.


They themselves understood that one grandmother meant little, but for all Jews here, it's terrible. There were also various other things and matters, other shops and children in the yard and at school. I'll tell you one more time, because now I'm in a hurry to the second fairy tale, so I'll tell only what is most important. And most importantly, they both became pilots during the war, and they met high in the air during the war and shot at each other. They didn't know who they were shooting at, they were shooting at enemy planes. And they both hit because they shot on target. The planes went down in flames, and they happened to go down while this little girl was going out of town with her father to buy something in the country. “Of course, the girl was big. The planes fell on this Jewish father and on the Jewish woman. And three widows cried: one who was told to be Jewish, the other who was told to be German, and the third one who was also Jewish and mother of a Jewish woman and wife of a Jew. And that's the end of my fairy tale. But their story is not over. I don't know anymore, but they know, because their souls are still there, even though they burnt down. For souls are refractory, and when a man dies, his soul, without airplanes and gasoline, and without iron balls, flies high, higher than airplanes, to heaven. Their souls now know how it is, why it was and is - they are not worried and are happy now. "And they don't need our tears because they know what's coming." And it will be that we will meet again and we will be fine. [...]

Następcy tronu to potomkowie panującego monarchy. W Domu Sierot Janusza Korczaka, Król Dzieci to nie sprawa sukcesji gdzie byle kto pełni funkcje dzięki zagwarantowanej sukcesji tronu. "Pan Misza" - Wasserman Wróblewski opisał dwóch "Króli Dzieci": Felka Grzyba i Szmula Zygmunta Choinę.

Następcy tronu to potomkowie panującego monarchy funkcja powiązana z nepotyzmem. W Domu Sierot Janusza Korczaka, Król Dzieci to nie sprawa sukcesji gdzie byle kto pełni funkcje dzięki zagwarantowanej sukcesji tronu. Pan Misza - Wasserman Wróblewski opisał dwóch z Króli Dzieci; Felka Grzyba i Szmula Zygmunta Choinę.

Następcy tronu to potomkowie panującego monarchy (np. w Szwecji, Anglii, Norwegii) funkcja często powiązana z nepotyzmem.

W Domu Sierot Janusza Korczaka, Król Dzieci to nie sprawa sukcesji gdzie byle kto pełni funkcje dzięki zagwarantowanej sukcesji tronu.

Pan Misza - Wasserman Wróblewski opisał dwóch Króli Dzieci; Felka Grzyba i Szmula Zygmunta Choinę.

Szmul Zygmunt Choina - były wychowanek i bursista Domu Sierot, związany z ruchem oporu. Zginął zastrzelony na ulicy getta. Korczak wspomina jego pobożność: jako dziecko przez wiele lat modlił się codziennie. Być może to on jest "przyjacielem zakładu", który przewodzi codziennej modlitwie dzieci w getcie.

Powiązane źródła: Janusz Korczak, Pamiętnik, 212, 284 p

Felek Grzyb - były wychowanek i bursista Domu Sierot. Zginął prawdopodobnie po Wielkiej Akcji w 1942 roku. Jego żona i córka zostały zamordowane 5 sierpnia 1942 roku razem z Domem Sierot. 

Pan Misza - Wasserman Wróblewski - bursista i wychowawca w Domu Sierot w okresie 1931- 1942. Jedyny wychowawca który przeżył deportacje DS, 5 sierpnia 1942 roku.

Król dzieci - Felek Grzyb - tutaj wychowanek Domu Sierot (powiekszony za Korczakiem). Zginął prawdopodobnie po Wielkiej Akcji w 1942 roku. Jego żona i córka zostały zamordowane 5 sierpnia 1942 roku razem z Domem Sierot. Do niego Pan Misza (Wasserman Wróblewski) przyszedł wieczorem i miał ze soba walizke z"Pamietnikiem" i okularami Doktora.

Król Dzieci - Felek Grzyb (siedzi drugi od prawej)  wsród bursistów. 

Król Dzieci - Felek Grzyb jako wychowawca, w srodku.

Na pamiątkę koleżance lagrowej - Białe Statki i S/S Ulua - Które wspólne lagry? - Estusia - Szwedzki obóz w Stråtenbo, Dalarna.

Z Archiwum Swedish Holocaust Memorial Association.

Na pamiątkę miłej koleżance lagrowej.

Z Archiwum Swedish Holocaust Memorial Association.
Na pamiątkę miłej koleżance lagrowej.