A Bear Market on Korczaks. The Salon's Verdict on the Doctor’s "False Step"
I recently wrote on the blog about the title page of Pedagogika żartobliwa (Playful Pedagogy) from 1939—the last book by Janusz Korczak published before the outbreak of the apocalypse. It was there, published by the famous Mortkowicz publishing house, that the first official, printed fusion of two great identities took place in the eyes of the mass audience: the title page merged the name "Janusz Korczak" with his radio pseudonym "Stary Doktór" (The Old Doctor). This was an act of immense courage on the part of the publisher and a blatant bypass of Polish Radio's censorship. In the stifling atmosphere of the late 1930s, the radio management panicked about protecting the Doctor's anonymity so as not to provoke antisemitic campaigns by the nationalist press.
It might seem that this political problem surrounding the identity of Henryk Goldszmit escalated gradually and only exploded in the mid-1930s. Nothing could be further from the truth. While browsing through archival issues of Nasz Przegląd from March 1927, I came across a text that brutally proves that the high-society salons passed judgment on the Doctor’s "career" much earlier.
In a column titled Letter to the Academy of "Nasz Przegląd" dated March 9, 1927, Korczak—with his characteristic, brilliant irony and black humor—settles scores with the Warsaw intellectual establishment. Just six months earlier, in October 1926, his beloved Mały Przegląd (The Little Review) had launched—a newspaper written entirely from children's letters, published as a Friday supplement to the powerful, Polish-language Jewish-Zionist daily Nasz Przegląd. For the assimilated, liberal elite gathered around the tables of the "Mała Ziemiańska" café on Mazowiecka Street and the editorial office of Wiadomości Literackie, Korczak’s decision was a shock and the crossing of an invisible boundary. It was believed that a self-respecting Polish writer should not associate with a blatantly national-Jewish press organ.
The Doctor dismisses the salon's reaction mercilessly: “When they found out on the stock exchange that I was going to write for 'Nasz Przegląd', a terrible bear market—a real 'bessa'—hit the Korczaks. 'Ziemiańska' shook—'Wiadomości Literackie' did too. The main shareholder of my violet and blue-sky-thinking plantations told me that this was recklessness and a false step. They said it could sprain my literary career.” Korczak’s response to these café rumors and social ostracism is a manifesto of freedom: his literary career—as he writes—was "hopelessly and irrevocably sprained 25 years ago," when instead of high-society honors, he chose social medicine and work in orphanages. And he gets by just fine.
The 1927 text pulses with Warsaw humor, mocking bureaucratic absurdities and the paranoia of charity committees, but its finale strikes a dark, realistic chord. Korczak cites the contents of extortion and threatening letters he had begun to receive from anonymous "Avengers," threatening a "fiasco for me, and perhaps for all Jews" if he did not leave a ransom under the cover of night in the Saxon Garden. Instead of fear, however, a pre-war, defiant pride awakens in the Doctor. He ends his letter with the words: “I am running to town to try to get the money. On the way, I will buy a Browning.”
This forgotten piece of journalism from 1927 is the missing link in Korczak’s biography. It shows in black and white that long before the brutal 1930s arrived and Polish Radio subjected the Old Doctor to censorship, he knew exactly what he was getting into. By choosing Mały Przegląd and standing by the Jewish child, he consciously broke with the conformity of the elites. And to any attempt at social or national blackmail, he knew how to respond with his visor up—and a metaphorical Browning in his hand.
Key to the Text. A Guide to the Realities of 1927
To fully understand the hidden meaning of Korczak’s words, we must reconstruct the social, chronological, and political map of Warsaw at the time. Here are the most critical themes the Doctor addresses in his letter, featuring an expanded analysis of his quotes:
1. The Chronology of Success and Salon Hypocrisy
It is crucial to note an important historical detail: Mały Przegląd launched in October 1926 as a Friday supplement to the Zionist Nasz Przegląd. Korczak’s association with this press organ was therefore common knowledge for six months. Why did the elite from "Ziemiańska" and Wiadomości Literackie only declare a "bear market on Korczaks" in March 1927?
During the first few months, the salon dismissed the paper, treating it as "just another harmless eccentricity of the Doctor." It was only when Mały Przegląd achieved a monumental, mass social success and thousands of letters from children flooded the editorial office that the elites realized Korczak had gained a massive, completely independent platform. Inviting him to the official academy of the main newspaper edition was a signal to the establishment that the Doctor had permanently entered a "grown-up," highly influential press concern of the Jewish minority. The salon's reaction was not a defense of values, but a delayed fear of the success of his independent format.
It is crucial to note an important historical detail: Mały Przegląd launched in October 1926 as a Friday supplement to the Zionist Nasz Przegląd. Korczak’s association with this press organ was therefore common knowledge for six months. Why did the elite from "Ziemiańska" and Wiadomości Literackie only declare a "bear market on Korczaks" in March 1927?
During the first few months, the salon dismissed the paper, treating it as "just another harmless eccentricity of the Doctor." It was only when Mały Przegląd achieved a monumental, mass social success and thousands of letters from children flooded the editorial office that the elites realized Korczak had gained a massive, completely independent platform. Inviting him to the official academy of the main newspaper edition was a signal to the establishment that the Doctor had permanently entered a "grown-up," highly influential press concern of the Jewish minority. The salon's reaction was not a defense of values, but a delayed fear of the success of his independent format.
2. The "Ziemiańska" Café and High-Society Ostracism
“'Ziemiańska' shook—'Wiadomości Literackie' did too.”
The "Mała Ziemiańska" café on Mazowiecka Street was the absolute center of the Polish literary world—it was there that the Skamander poets (Tuwim, Słonimski, Iwaszkiewicz) held court. Meanwhile, the weekly Wiadomości Literackie dictated intellectual trends. For this elite, an assimilated Jew writing in Polish was expected to adhere strictly to universal Polish culture. Korczak’s entry into permanent collaboration with the Zionist and openly national Nasz Przegląd was treated as a betrayal of assimilationist ideals and a "false step." Korczak responds proudly: his literary career was sprained 25 years ago when he turned his back on elite salons to work with defenseless children from the lowest rungs of society.
“'Ziemiańska' shook—'Wiadomości Literackie' did too.”
The "Mała Ziemiańska" café on Mazowiecka Street was the absolute center of the Polish literary world—it was there that the Skamander poets (Tuwim, Słonimski, Iwaszkiewicz) held court. Meanwhile, the weekly Wiadomości Literackie dictated intellectual trends. For this elite, an assimilated Jew writing in Polish was expected to adhere strictly to universal Polish culture. Korczak’s entry into permanent collaboration with the Zionist and openly national Nasz Przegląd was treated as a betrayal of assimilationist ideals and a "false step." Korczak responds proudly: his literary career was sprained 25 years ago when he turned his back on elite salons to work with defenseless children from the lowest rungs of society.
3. The Reality of a Researcher: Warsaw vs. the West
“If abroad a man writes a paper on mosquitoes, they give him books, a laboratory, assistants... In Warsaw, it is different.”
The Doctor contrasts the ethos of scientific work abroad with the chaos of the Second Polish Republic with immense, painful bitterness. In the West, a researcher is given peace, a laboratory, and assistants. In Warsaw, a pedagogue dealing with children is constantly pulled apart by offices, public committees, and demands for free lectures on unrelated topics like "fallen women" or speeches at the graves of zoologists. Korczak defends his free time as his greatest capital and refuses to participate in hollow, formal academies in favor of real, hands-on editorial work.
“If abroad a man writes a paper on mosquitoes, they give him books, a laboratory, assistants... In Warsaw, it is different.”
The Doctor contrasts the ethos of scientific work abroad with the chaos of the Second Polish Republic with immense, painful bitterness. In the West, a researcher is given peace, a laboratory, and assistants. In Warsaw, a pedagogue dealing with children is constantly pulled apart by offices, public committees, and demands for free lectures on unrelated topics like "fallen women" or speeches at the graves of zoologists. Korczak defends his free time as his greatest capital and refuses to participate in hollow, formal academies in favor of real, hands-on editorial work.
4. Bureaucratic Paranoia, or "The Case from Konin"
“In the police station, you find out that a report was drawn up in Konin for dirtying a courtyard, and arrest warrants have been chasing you for half a year.”
The mention of arrest warrants from the distant town of Konin for a petty sanitary infraction is a brilliant mockery of the inefficiency and paranoia of the young Polish state apparatus. Officials are capable of tracking a universally known physician and author in the capital with arrest warrants for a blemish in a town where he likely never set foot. This highlights the tremendous, healthy distance Korczak maintained from the machinery of state bureaucracy.
“In the police station, you find out that a report was drawn up in Konin for dirtying a courtyard, and arrest warrants have been chasing you for half a year.”
The mention of arrest warrants from the distant town of Konin for a petty sanitary infraction is a brilliant mockery of the inefficiency and paranoia of the young Polish state apparatus. Officials are capable of tracking a universally known physician and author in the capital with arrest warrants for a blemish in a town where he likely never set foot. This highlights the tremendous, healthy distance Korczak maintained from the machinery of state bureaucracy.
5. Grotesque Antisemitism and the "Browning"
“...if by tomorrow I do not place 5,000 zlotys between the legs of a statue in the Saxon Garden, it will be a disaster for me, and perhaps for all Jews. Signed: The Avengers...”
The final blackmail by "The Avengers" demanding 5,000 zlotys in the Saxon Garden and threatening a "disaster for all Jews" is not merely a parody of cheap dime-store sensation novels. It is a realistic snapshot of the ambient anxieties and racist threats that began targeting the Doctor once he openly stepped into the Jewish press space. Korczak displays immense, ironclad courage here—he refuses to flee or submit to intimidation. His announcement that he will "buy a Browning" (a pistol) on the way to town is a clear signal: I will not meet thuggery and aggression with submissiveness.
“...if by tomorrow I do not place 5,000 zlotys between the legs of a statue in the Saxon Garden, it will be a disaster for me, and perhaps for all Jews. Signed: The Avengers...”
The final blackmail by "The Avengers" demanding 5,000 zlotys in the Saxon Garden and threatening a "disaster for all Jews" is not merely a parody of cheap dime-store sensation novels. It is a realistic snapshot of the ambient anxieties and racist threats that began targeting the Doctor once he openly stepped into the Jewish press space. Korczak displays immense, ironclad courage here—he refuses to flee or submit to intimidation. His announcement that he will "buy a Browning" (a pistol) on the way to town is a clear signal: I will not meet thuggery and aggression with submissiveness.







