The Hidden Critic: The Unknown Film Reviews of Janusz Korczak
From free cinema tickets for children, through "Pass to Life" (1931) and "Sabra" (1933), to tears over "Little Lord Fauntleroy" (1936).
Most historians and biographers confine Janusz Korczak to a sanitized, monumentalized matrix of the "Old Doctor" permanently bending over a child's bed. Few people know that this great educator was deeply fascinated by cinema. Moreover, he created a unique system in Warsaw where cinema became a window to the world for his wards. Thanks to special postcards and complimentary admission tickets sent by Warsaw cinemas, children from the Orphans’ Home on Krochmalna Street and young teenage reporters from Mały Przegląd (The Little Review) enjoyed constant access to screenings. Cinema cost them nothing because Korczak believed that modern human beings—even the youngest ones—must know how to read the moving image.
Yet, the true "hidden object" of this history lies in his own, incredibly intimate, and hitherto undescribed film reviews. Korczak did not write them for official newspapers. Instead, he smuggled his impressions into private letters to friends and late-night conversations with educators, treating the silver screen as a mirror reflecting his own soul and his tragic mission.
1. A Review in a Letter to Ester Budko: “Little Lord Fauntleroy” (1936) and a Painful Ledger
Korczak’s most profound and heartbreaking film review was discovered in a letter to Ester Budko dated December 9, 1936, written shortly after his return from Palestine. Beset by rising anti-Semitism in Poland and exhausted by the daily struggle to keep his institution afloat, the Doctor went alone to a Warsaw cinema to watch the Hollywood super-production “Little Lord Fauntleroy”. He watched the story of a pure, young boy whose unconditional love melts the icy heart of his bitter, tyrannical grandfather, an earl. The next day, he wrote to Ester with words of critical affirmation:
“I was yesterday (for the first time since my arrival) at a beautiful film: ‘Little Lord’. The child will play a significant role in the spiritual rebirth of man. Of this, I am certain.”
However, this Hollywood fairy tale likely ripped open a devastating wound within him. It reminded him of his own 1923 novel, King Matt the First. Matt, too, was a child who desperately wanted to reform the adult world, only to suffer a tragic defeat. Even the kind, empathetic Queen Campanella (whose name echoes the mournful tolling of a bell and the sorrowful botanical Campanula) ultimately bowed to the adult system. She signed his sentence and banished Matt to a deserted island, granting him only one minor mercy—a double imprisonment: allowing him to keep his beloved canary in a cage inside his prison cell.
Watching the triumph of the Little Lord, Korczak felt like a dethroned King Matt. He penned a devastating self-review:
“I wanted to, but I did not know how to play a role in this most vital question of life. – A painful ledger of my own efforts.”
2. Pan Misza’s Account: The Soviet “Pass to Life” (1931)
A starkly different, raw, and professional review was delivered by Korczak five years earlier in a conversation with my father, Pan Misza (Michał Wasserman Wróblewski). They had taken the older children to the Kometa cinema to watch the first Soviet talkie, “Pass to Life” (Путёвка в жизнь), a film about the bezprizornye—the feral street children orphaned by civil war—and their rehabilitation through community labor.
When the movie concluded with the dramatic frame of a ruined factory and the educator's stark words: “Well, we must start from the beginning!”, Korczak took my father by the arm on the way back to Krochmalna Street and asked: “Panie Misza, what would you do?” When Pan Misza replied that he would do exactly the same, because old habits and temptations always linger within children, the Doctor sighed deeply:
“That is good, that is good. Because as for me—no. I have experienced too many disappointments. By now, I am a program of resignation.”
This was a critique shared between two hardened practitioners. They spoke of the mechanics of rebellion, the limits of rehabilitation, and how a hostile world relentlessly dismantles an educator’s labor.
3. A Review in a Letter to Józek Arnon: “Sabra” (1933) and the Fear of a Mute Screen
In 1933, while preparing for his journey to Palestine, Korczak was gripped by a paralyzing fear. For a master of pedagogy for whom the spoken Polish word, a whisper, a joke, and vocal intonation were everything, the prospect of meeting children in the kibbutzim without knowing Hebrew was terrifying. He feared he would be reduced to communicating with these precious souls through mere "signs and gestures."
To grasp this new world, he went to a Warsaw cinema to see the highly publicized Polish-Palestinian docudrama “Sabra”, directed by Aleksander Ford. He wanted to glimpse the new generation of children born in the desert—the "Sabras," tough like the prickly pear cactus on the outside, but sweet within. Yet his review, sent in a letter to his former bursar Józek Arnon (Halpern), proved cool and distant:
“Apparently you call those born there by the name of the plant ‘Sabra’. I went to see this film and I did not understand.”
Ford's ideological propaganda disappointed him; it failed to locate the psychological truth of the child. This unfulfilled longing pushed him to travel to Eretz Israel to study that soul firsthand.
These three hidden, sorrowful movie reviews penned by Korczak collide beautifully with the roaring optimism of the younger generation. While the Old Doctor was sinking into despondency, the young people he raised viewed the future with clarity and hope. They saw an unquenchable fire in him that he could no longer discern within himself, and they were right. When the war and the ghetto struck, the Doctor cast away all his cinematic melancholy and found superhuman energy to protect his children until the very end. The ultimate proof lies in the enduring words preserved by Pan Misza:
“And yet life itself showed that Korczak was not a ‘program of resignation’.”
Conclusion: The World is No Small Purse
These three threads form an extraordinary, closed circle. Korczak gifted children free postcards (valued as tickets) to the cinema so they could learn about the world, yet he sat in those same dark theaters searching for answers to the most agonizing questions about the meaning of his own life.
| The front page of “Mały Przegląd” (No. 12, January 11, 1929) with the bold headline KINO (CINEMA) proves how important it was for Korczak to convey this type of message to children and youth. |


