Phases of the Holocaust. One can divide it into three or four phases: Ghettoisation - Holocaust by bullets - Industrial killing - Death Marches.

 

In October 1939, the Germans announced the creation of a ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski

In October 1939, the Germans announced the creation of a ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski

Phases of the Holocaust. One can divide it into three or four phases. 

The pre-phase started in 1933 and included propaganda and the propagation of anti-Jewish laws in Germany. It was the first step of isolation from the rest of the population. At the same time, Germany rebuilds its military which was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles.  Nazi government prepares the German public for war. 

The first phase begins with the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the start of World War II. Nazi violence expands in Poland where they start to establish ghettos. The first one, was in Piotrków Trybunalski, just weeks after the German army occupied the city. Thus, together with forced labor was the very first among the physical steps of the Holocaust, the concentration and imprisonment of millions of Polish Jews. 

The second phase starts in June 1941 when Germany invades the Soviet Union. It is actually the start of mass killing by Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) that murdered millions of Jews and other targeted groups in mass shootings. This phase is often called the Holocaust by bullets.

The third phase is Industrial killing. Following the decision from the Wansee meeting in January 1942 to annihilate all of the Jews in Europe. Thereafter, six industrial killing centers - Death camps are established. Millions of Jews and other targeted groups are murdered in gas chambers. 

The fourth phase is the Death Marches which starts in January 1945 and continue to the end of WWII in Europe, in May 1945. Relocation of the inmates from the concentration- and death camps started already in 1944 when the Red Army pushed the Germans west. The first death- and concentration camp was liberated on July 22, 1944. When the death- and concentration camps were closing,  Nazis forced the prisoners to march from Eastern Europe toward Germany. Hundreds of thousands died along the way.

Dark Lolek and Bright Olek - Janusz Korczak: A Fairy Tale of Life .

Janusz Korczak: A Fairy Tale of Life [excerpt]. Warsaw Spring 1942? 

Janusz Korczak: A Fairy Tale of Life [excerpt]. Warsaw Spring 1942? 

There are fairy tales that people tell, and there are fairy tales that life tells. Sometimes a fairy tale is strange but true. [...] 

Two widows lived in the same yard; each had one little son. One had light hair and dark eyes, and the other had light eyes and dark hair. One was called Olek, and the other Bolek. And when they called, they called: bright Bolek, dark Olek. Then they went to school together. And already everyone began to say and write in the newspapers that this one is a Jew and that one is an Aryan. But they didn't understand what it meant. But then the boys found out that they couldn't be friends because one's grandmother was Jewish and the other's grandmother was German. They understood that the two grandmothers who had already died had quarreled and did not want them to go to school together and play together. – One wrote in the diary: "I lost a friend", the other wrote in the diary: "I am sad." And then there was the war, and the boys were no longer small because they had grown up and graduated from school. They both went to the army. One thought he was Polish, but they told him to be Jewish. The others thought he was Polish, they told him to be German. They didn't know why it had to be like this, but they knew that their grandmothers weren't to blame, that they hadn't quarreled at all. There is something different, but what it really is, they still did not understand, although they were already in the war and were no longer children. 

I forgot to say that there was a shop in the house where they lived as little boys, and the owner of the shop had a girl who had light hair and blue eyes, or dark eyes and hair. I don't remember so I don't want to be wrong. It was a long time ago. Or maybe not so long ago, but more than ten years ago. The boys liked the girl very much, they knew that she was Jewish, but they didn't think about it. They didn't care at all. She was nice and cheerful and played with them, and her mother sold her sweets cheaply - she even sometimes gave them candy, a cherry, or a little gingerbread without money. They were told that they were no longer allowed to buy or play or take or give - nothing - nothing. Because the girl's father, mother, brother, and she - all were and are Jews.


They themselves understood that one grandmother meant little, but for all Jews here, it's terrible. There were also various other things and matters, other shops and children in the yard and at school. I'll tell you one more time, because now I'm in a hurry to the second fairy tale, so I'll tell only what is most important. And most importantly, they both became pilots during the war, and they met high in the air during the war and shot at each other. They didn't know who they were shooting at, they were shooting at enemy planes. And they both hit because they shot on target. The planes went down in flames, and they happened to go down while this little girl was going out of town with her father to buy something in the country. “Of course, the girl was big. The planes fell on this Jewish father and on the Jewish woman. And three widows cried: one who was told to be Jewish, the other who was told to be German, and the third one who was also Jewish and mother of a Jewish woman and wife of a Jew. And that's the end of my fairy tale. But their story is not over. I don't know anymore, but they know, because their souls are still there, even though they burnt down. For souls are refractory, and when a man dies, his soul, without airplanes and gasoline, and without iron balls, flies high, higher than airplanes, to heaven. Their souls now know how it is, why it was and is - they are not worried and are happy now. "And they don't need our tears because they know what's coming." And it will be that we will meet again and we will be fine. [...]

Następcy tronu to potomkowie panującego monarchy. W Domu Sierot Janusza Korczaka, Król Dzieci to nie sprawa sukcesji gdzie byle kto pełni funkcje dzięki zagwarantowanej sukcesji tronu. "Pan Misza" - Wasserman Wróblewski opisał dwóch "Króli Dzieci": Felka Grzyba i Szmula Zygmunta Choinę.

Następcy tronu to potomkowie panującego monarchy funkcja powiązana z nepotyzmem. W Domu Sierot Janusza Korczaka, Król Dzieci to nie sprawa sukcesji gdzie byle kto pełni funkcje dzięki zagwarantowanej sukcesji tronu. Pan Misza - Wasserman Wróblewski opisał dwóch z Króli Dzieci; Felka Grzyba i Szmula Zygmunta Choine.

Następcy tronu to potomkowie panującego monarchy funkcja często powiązana z nepotyzmem.

W Domu Sierot Janusza Korczaka, Król Dzieci to nie sprawa sukcesji gdzie byle kto pełni funkcje dzięki zagwarantowanej sukcesji tronu.

Pan Misza - Wasserman Wróblewski opisał dwóch Króli Dzieci; Felka Grzyba i Szmula Zygmunta Choinę.

Szmul Zygmunt Choina - były wychowanek i bursista Domu Sierot, związany z ruchem oporu. Zginął zastrzelony na ulicy getta. Korczak wspomina jego pobożność: jako dziecko przez wiele lat modlił się codziennie. Być może to on jest "przyjacielem zakładu", który przewodzi codziennej modlitwie dzieci w getcie.
Powiązane źródła: Janusz Korczak, Pamiętnik, 212, 284 p

Felek Grzyb - były wychowanek i bursista Domu Sierot. Zginął prawdopodobnie po Wielkiej Akcji w 1942 roku. Jego żona i córka zostały zamordowane 5 sierpnia 1942 roku razem z Domem Sierot. 

Pan Misza - Wasserman Wróblewski - bursista i wychowawca w Domu Sierot w okresie 1931- 1942. Jedyny wychowawca który przeżył deportacje DS, 5 sierpnia 1942 roku.

Król dzieci - Felek Grzyb - tutaj wychowanek Domu Sierot. Zginął prawdopodobnie po Wielkiej Akcji w 1942 roku. Jego żona i córka zostały zamordowane 5 sierpnia 1942 roku razem z Domem Sierot.

Król Dzieci - Felek Grzyb wsród bursistów. Drugi od prawej.

Król Dzieci - Felek Grzyb jako wychowawca, w srodku.

Na pamiątkę koleżance lagrowej - Białe Statki i S/S Ulua - Które wspólne lagry? - Estusia - Szwedzki obóz w Stråtenbo, Dalarna.

Z Archiwum Swedish Holocaust Memorial Association.

Na pamiątkę miłej koleżance lagrowej.

Z Archiwum Swedish Holocaust Memorial Association.
Na pamiątkę miłej koleżance lagrowej.

Caretaker of the Holocaust History in Sweden - Roman Wasserman Wroblewski - Sigtuna Emergency Hospital Revisited.

The summer of 1945 was a strange summer. Never has the sun shone so often and so hot. The roses have never bloomed so brightly and smelled so sweetly in Rosengården. The fountain ripples, and the swallows fly as fast as arrows. In the arcades, there is a bed next to a bed. The eight months we lived inside the barbed wire with our refugees gave us more than they had to receive.

Caretaker of the Holocaust History in Sweden - Roman Wasserman Wroblewski - Sigtuna Emergency Hospital Revisited.

When the first stretchers with emaciated human remains were carried up the stairs from the white buses to the cafeteria, school halls, and all sorts of spaces, the crying felt like a lump in the throat. After all, they were children, as if nothing had been done, young people belonging to a despised race. What was the point of putting them in concentration camps? Slender white hands lay on the blankets, big black eyes looked at us questioningly, mouths that had stopped smiling faces marked by tuberculosis, emaciated and starved. It was women who came to us, the sickest.

This image of the girls from Bergen-Belsen standing behind a barbed wire in Sigtuna eluded me for a long time. It was about the place where the photo was taken. 

Sigtuna. The image of the girls from Bergen-Belsen standing behind a barbed wire in Sigtuna eluded me for a long time. It was about the place where the photo was taken. I had actually, two options to choose from. The stairs on the way to the student residence Berga or Backa within the area of ​​the Sigtuna Läroverket or a similar staircase within the Sigtuna Foundation's area. Stairs and buildings were designed by the same architect and were in several places within the area. I knew the stairs in the educational institution well when my daughter lived there for two years. The area within the Sigtuna Foundation was quite unfamiliar to me. On the way to a meeting at the Sigtuna Foundation, I suddenly saw my stairs. Although it was empty, it was suddenly filled with young women from Bergen-Belsen. They stood behind a barbed wire fence that was drawn between the Sigtuna Foundation's Library and the rest of the area on the hill where the emergency hospital has been located. Suddenly I was transferred to the summer of 1945.

The housewife of Sigtuna Stiftelsen Ellen Sundberg describes the day when the survivors from the Bergen-Belsen arrived in Sigtuna:

"When the first stretchers with emaciated human remains were carried up the stairs from the white buses to the cafeteria, school halls, and all sorts of spaces, the crying felt like a lump in the throat. After all, they were children, as if nothing had been done, young people belonging to a despised race. What was the point of putting them in concentration camps? Slender white hands lay on the blankets, big black eyes looked at us questioningly, mouths that had stopped smiling faces marked by tuberculosis, emaciated and starved. It was women who came to us, the sickest. The summer of 1945 was a strange summer. Never has the sun shone so often and so hot. The roses have never bloomed so brightly and smelled so sweetly in Rosengården. The fountain ripples, and the swallows fly as fast as arrows. In the arcades, there is a bed next to a bed. The eight months we lived inside the barbed wire with our refugees gave us more than they had to receive."

Two weeks, from 15 July - 8 August 1945 at the Emergency Hospital in Sigtuna. Information found by Roman Wasserman Wroblewski at Swedish Archives, Marieberg. Here are three pages of diagnosis cards of Holocaust Survivor, Rywka Posladek, brought from Bergen-Belsen. She arrived with the second White Boat, S/S Kastelholm to Stockholm. The first page of the Diagnosis card is the information about the patient's identity. Name and date of birth, date of arrival at the hospital, and also the number the patient received in Lübeck, here 4179. As for Sigtuna patients, under Diagnosis, you will find everything from convalescent to post-typhoid and TBC. On the first page, is a piece of information such as incoming and outgoing and also "healthy" and "dead" to tick off. Often, the doctors have sketched by hand where there are solidifications in the patient's lungs after the X-ray investigation. The patient's medical history (anamnesis) is of importance for the problems for which the patient was admitted. The medical history on the back of the Diagnosis Card contains information about the patient's family, all the steps, and at the same time, the course of the Holocaust. Sometimes there are several cards as each card covers 17 days. The patient's temperature and pulse/heart rate are recorded on the front of the card. On the following pages of the Diagnosis Card, medication and other laboratory tests are recorded.  Posladek Rywka (Regina) from Poland died on August 8, 1945, 3 weeks after arriving in Stockholm on the White boat S/S Kastelholm.

PhD student Daniel Leviathan plagiarized my data and together with the Jewish Congregation applied for recognition for it. His way of plagiarizing is described in a report to Lund University's rector.  It was found that he visited the Swedish Archives, Marieberg after these data were published and asked personnel for help to find the Diagnosis card of Posladek Rywka.

My own Sigtuna. 

The image of the girls from Bergen-Belsen standing behind a barbed wire in Sigtuna eluded me for a long time. It was about the place where the photo was taken. I had actually, two options to choose from. The stairs on the way to the student residence Berga or Backa within the area of ​​the  Sigtuna Läroverket or a similar staircase within the Sigtuna Foundation's area. Stairs and buildings were designed by the same architect and were in several places within the area. I knew the stairs in the educational institution well when my daughter lived there for two years. The area within the Sigtuna Foundation was quite unfamiliar to me. On the way to a meeting at the Sigtuna Foundation, I suddenly saw my stairs. Although it was empty, it was suddenly filled with young women from Bergen-Belsen. They stood behind a barbed wire fence that was drawn between the Sigtuna Foundation's Library and the rest of the area on the hill where the emergency hospital has been located. Suddenly I was transferred to the summer of 1945.

 

Two weeks, from 15 July - 8 August 1945 at the Emergency Hospital in Sigtuna.

Two weeks, from 15 July - 8 August 1945 at the Emergency Hospital in Sigtuna. Information found by Roman Wasserman Wroblewski at Swedish Archives, Marieberg. Here are three pages of diagnosis cards of Holocaust Survivor, Rywka Posladek, brought from Bergen-Belsen. She arrived with the second White Boat, S/S Kastelholm to Stockholm. The first page of the Diagnosis card is the information about the patient's identity. Name and date of birth, date of arrival at the hospital, and also the number the patient received in Lübeck, here 4179. As for Sigtuna patients, under Diagnosis, you will find everything from convalescent to post-typhoid and TBC. On the first page, is a piece of information such as incoming and outgoing and also "healthy" and "dead" to tick off. Often, the doctors have sketched by hand where there are solidifications in the patient's lungs after the X-ray investigation. The patient's medical history (anamnesis) is of importance for the problems for which the patient was admitted. The medical history on the back of the Diagnosis Card contains information about the patient's family, all the steps, and at the same time, the course of the Holocaust. Sometimes there are several cards as each card covers 17 days. The patient's temperature and pulse/heart rate are recorded on the front of the card. On the following pages of the Diagnosis Card, medication and other laboratory tests are recorded. Posladek Rywka (Regina) from Poland died on August 8, 1945, 3 weeks after arriving in Stockholm on the White boat S/S Kastelholm.
PhD student Daniel Leviathan plagiarized my data and together with the Jewish Congregation of Stockholm applied for recognition for it. His way of plagiarizing is described in a report to Lund University's rector. It was found that he visited the Swedish Archives, Marieberg after these data were published and asked personnel for help to find the Diagnosis card of Posladek Rywka.